- Russia, officially union of Russia (in Russian, Rossia, Rossiiskaia Federatsia), country of oriental Europe and northerly Asia. Russia is lined in the North by the Icy ocean Arctic (the Barents Sea, the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea, the sea of Eastern Siberia, the sea of Tchoukotka; in the East, by the Pacific Ocean by way of the Bering Strait which separates Russia of Alaska), the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan; in the South, by Noth Corea, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, the Caspian Sea, Aserbaidschan, Georgia and Black Sea!; on the West, by Ukraine, Byelorussia, Latvia, Estonia, Baltic Sea (bay of Finland), Finland and Norway. Russia possesses Kaliningrad's enclave, situated between Lithuania and Poland, as well as certain number of islands, in the Icy ocean Arctic (Franz Josef Land, Novaia Zemlia, Severnaya Zemlya, archipelago of New-Siberia, island Wrangel), and in the Pacific Ocean (the Kuril Islands, the island of Sakhalin). With a surface of 17 075 400 km2, Russia is the vastest country of the world. It forms État-continent, spread(widened) on about 3 000 km of the North to the South and on about 9 000 km of West is it ( 11 time zones). The capital is Moscow. The union of Russia is a federal republic including 21 republics (of which Tatarstan and Chechnia), 6 territories ( kraï ), 49 regions ( oblast ), 10 autonomous districts (avtonomnyi okroug), the Jewish autonomous region of Birobidjan (on the Amur, in Far East) and two cities of federal status, Moscow and Saint-Petersburg. Certain borders arouse contestings (Crimea, the Kuril Islands) whereas the ascent of regionalisms, since the end of the USSR, threatens the internal cohesion of the country. Been born the dismantling of the Union of the soviet socialist republics (USSR) in 1991, the union of Russia corresponds to the ancient(former) soviet federative socialist Republic of Russia ( RSFSR), created in 1918. It became a sovereign State on December 25, 1991. It lost the colonies of Central Asia and Transcaucasia, the Baltic States and especially Ukraine and Byelorussia, historic pit of the Russian State. Post-soviet Russia maintains however, within the framework of the Community of the independent States ( CIS ), established in 1991, the links privileged with the former(old) soviet republics. Russia saw disappearing, with the collapse of the communist empire, a totalitarian regime. It is today confronted with a difficult transition towards the democracy and the market economy. A vast program of economic reforms was thrown(launched) at the beginning of 1992. However, in this State which was the second economic power of the world, the liberalization of the economy comes along with a deep and durable crisis. Economic and political instability remains big in a made a break company(society), even disenchanted.
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